Undergraduate Training:  State University of NY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (BS Biochemical Pharmacology, 1976)

Medical Training:  University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY (Doctor of Medicine, 1980)

Internship / Fellowship / Residency:
Anesthesiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, 1984

Clinical Anesthesia:
Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
Hawthorne Surgical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
Medical Park Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC
Orthopedic Surgery Center, Winston-Salem, NC

Board Certification:
Diplomate American Board of Anesthesiology, 1987

Professional Memberships:
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia
International Anesthesia Research Society
North Carolina Society of Anesthesiologists