Undergraduate Training:  Oberlin College of Arts & Sciences, Oberlin, OH (BA in Chemistry - 1978)

Medical Training:
Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Doctor of Medicine - 1983)

Internship / Fellowship / Residency:
Medical College of Virginia - 1984
Clinical Anesthesia Residency, Medical College of Virginia - 1986
Cleveland Clinic Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Fellowship - 1987

Clinical Anesthesia:
Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC

Board Certification:
American Board of Anesthesiology, 1989
Certification in Advanced Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

Professional Memberships:
American Society of Anesthesiologists
American Medical Association
American Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
American Society of Echocardiography
North Carolina Society of Anesthesiologists