Undergraduate Training:  University of Bologna, Department of Physics, 1970

Medical Training:  University of Bologna School of Medicine & Surgery (Doctor of Medicine, 1977)

Internship / Fellowship / Residency:
Internal Medicine, Beekman Downtown Hospital, NY, NY, 1980
Residency in Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 1982
Chief Resident, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronix, NY, 1982
Residency in Anesthesiology (Cardiovascular Anesthesia), Duke University Medical Center, 1983

Clinical Anesthesia:
Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Board Certification:
American Board of Anesthesiology, 1984
Testamur of the Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination

Professional Memberships:
American Society of Anesthesiologists
North Carolina Society of Anesthesiologists
Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
International Anesthesia Research Society
American College of Physician Executives