Undergraduate Training:  Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA (B.S. Biology, 1978)

Medical Training:  Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA (Doctor of Medicine, 1982)

Internship / Fellowship / Residency:
Categorical Surgery Internship, Eastern VA Graduate School of Medicine, Norfolk, VA - 1983
Anesthesiology Residency, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC - 1989
Neuroanesthesia Fellowship, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD - 1988

Clinical Anesthesia:
Forsyth Memorial Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA

Board Certification:
American Board of Anesthesiology - 1990
National Board of Medical Examiners, Diplomate - 1983

Professional Memberships:
International Anesthesia Research Society, 1986 - Present
American Society of Anesthesiologists, 1989 - Present
Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, 1999 - Present
North Carolina Society of Anesthesiologists, 1995 - Present
Society of Neuroanesthesia & Critical Care, 1994 - Present
Society for Neuroscience, 1994 - 1999
Western Carolina Society of Neuroscience, 1994 - 2002
North Carolina Medical Society, 1996 - Present